What is soil compaction?
Soil compaction refers to the lack of organic matter and poor structure of the soil surface layer. Under the external factors such as irrigation or rainfall, the structure is destroyed and the soil material is dispersed. After drying, the soil surface is hardened by the cohesive force.
Reasons for soil compaction
1. The soil texture of the farmland is too sticky and the tillage layer is shallow.
The clay has more clay content, and the average cultivated layer is less than 12.5 rem. The capillary pores in the soil are less, and the ventilation, water permeability and temperature increase are poor. After raining or watering, it is easy to block the pores and cause soil surface crust. .
2. The organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer are seriously insufficient, and the amount of straw returned is reduced.
Insufficient supplementation of organic matter in the soil, low soil organic matter content, poor structure, affecting the activity of microorganisms, thereby affecting the formation of soil aggregate structure, resulting in excessive or too small acidity and alkalinity of the soil, leading to soil compaction.
3. Excessive investment in plastic products
The mulch film and plastic bags are not cleaned and cannot be completely decomposed in the soil to form harmful blocks. China's annual waste plastics entering the landfill with domestic waste account for 3%-5% of the weight of landfill waste, most of which are plastic bag waste, which is not easily degraded into the soil, causing soil compaction.
4. Long-term single application of chemical fertilizer
The farmer's fertilizer is seriously deficient, the diazo light phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, the soil organic matter is reduced, the humus can not be replenished in time, causing soil compaction and cracking.
According to statistics, there was no chemical fertilizer in 1951. In the case of corn, the application of farmyard manure was over 2000kg. In the 1970s, 48.1kg of chemical fertilizer was applied, the average yield per mu was 239.3kg, which was 142.8kg higher than that of 1951. The average yield per kilogram of fertilizer increased by 2.97kg, 2000. Since the beginning of the year, the fertilizer application has increased to more than 80kg, and the yield per mu is 390kg, which is 293.5kg higher than that of 1951. The average yield per kg of fertilizer is 3.67kg. The output is not significantly improved, and the input-output ratio is low.
(1) Excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer: The nitrogen supply of microorganisms is increased by 1 part, and the corresponding consumption of carbon is increased by 25 parts. The carbon consumed is derived from soil organic matter, and the content of organic matter is low, which affects the activity of microorganisms and affects soil aggregates. The formation of the structure leads to soil compaction.
(2) Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer: Phosphate ions in phosphate fertilizer combine with calcium, magnesium and other cations in the soil to form insoluble phosphate, which wastes phosphate fertilizer and destroys the soil aggregate structure, causing soil compaction.
(3) Excessive application of potassium fertilizer: Potassium ions in potassium fertilizer are particularly highly replaceable, and can replace the multivalent cations forming the soil aggregate structure, while the monovalent potassium ions do not have a bond-bridge effect, and the bond bridge of the soil aggregate structure is Destroyed, it also destroyed the pellet structure, causing the soil to compact.
5. Repression, ploughing and other farming measures lead to the destruction of the upper soil structure
Due to the deep influence of mechanical cultivation, the soil aggregate structure was destroyed. The fertilizer applied to the soil every year is only partially absorbed and utilized by the seasonal crops, and the rest is fixed by the soil, forming a large amount of acid deposits, causing soil compaction.
6. Accumulation of harmful substances
In some places, groundwater and industrial wastewater and toxic substances are high in content, and long-term use of irrigation causes excessive accumulation of toxic substances to cause surface soil compaction.
7. Sandstorm, heavy rain and soil erosion
In the face of sandstorms and heavy rains, the fine soil particles in the topsoil are taken away, causing the soil structure to be destroyed and causing soil compaction.
Main hazards of soil compaction
1. Decline in root capacity
In the case of soil compaction, the lack of oxygen leads to a decrease in root activity, which is not normal development, and the root cells of the plant are weakened, while nitrogen and other nutrients are mostly in the ionic state. When absorbed, the energy produced by cell metabolism is consumed, and the breathing is weakened. Insufficient energy supply affects the absorption of nutrients.
2. Lead to deficiency
Deficiency syndrome is sometimes not necessarily due to the lack of such elements in the soil, but to the decline in root absorption due to a series of problems such as soil compaction, unsuitable soil pH, or uneven soil water supply.
Soil compaction method
1. Increase the amount of organic fertilizer microbial fertilizer, and build up some organic fertilizer. For example, manure fertilizer, circle fertilizer, soil fertilizer, and the use of crop straw to make high-quality organic fertilizer, it is best to apply high-content microbial live bacteria.
2. Reduce the application of chemical fertilizers, improve farmers' understanding of the effects of various fertilizers, and rationally formulate fertilizers in combination with crop yield and soil fertility, thus controlling the amount of fertilizer applied blindly. It also reduces unreasonable inputs and thus increases economic efficiency.
3. Further promote dry farming, implement sprinkler irrigation, or promote the use of rainwater in summer to make full use of groundwater. Deep well water can also be used if conditions permit.
4. Break the old farming methods, further promote straw returning, no-tillage coverage, and do our utmost to reduce unnecessary soil loss to ensure that the soil structure is not damaged. (Source: China Agricultural Promotion Network)
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