Editor's Note: Fertilizer is an essential input to ensure national food security and effective supply of agricultural products. However, the excessive application of chemical fertilizers in China has led to a series of problems. In recent years, the national agricultural department has attached great importance to the research and promotion of fertilizer reduction and efficiency technology. At present, what are the key technologies for reducing fertilizer and increasing efficiency in the country? What technical models can be applied in different regions? Today, Zhou Wei, a researcher at the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Agricultural Regional Planning of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, combined with his “973 Plan†project for fertilizers to explain the problem.
NE system provides data support for reducing efficiency
At present, China's chemical fertilizer over-application is serious, with an annual consumption of 60 million tons, accounting for 35% of the world's total fertilizer consumption. The amount of chemical fertilizer per unit of cultivated land is three times that of the world average, twice that of European and American countries.
China has a large number of people, which determines China's high-input and high-output intensive production system. To ensure the sustainable development of high-yield food, efficient fertilizer and nutrient, and the realization of multiple goals of ecological environment safety, we must develop key technologies for reducing fertilizer and increasing efficiency according to China's national conditions.
The Institute of Agricultural Sciences of China has developed a recommended fertilization method for rice, wheat and corn based on yield response and agronomic efficiency. Based on the tens of thousands of effective fertilizer field trials conducted nationwide over the past decade, the method establishes a nutrient database, and studies the intrinsic relationship between soil basic nutrient supply characteristics, agronomic efficiency and yield response, and Based on the optimal nutrient absorption and utilization of characteristic parameters, a recommended fertilization system based on yield response and agronomic efficiency, namely NE (NutrientExpert) system, was established. The NE system has solved the problems of farmers' soil testing conditions and difficulties in nitrogen recommendation by understanding the production level of farmers in the past 3 to 5 years and the fertilization history, and has been widely used in major grain producing areas.
Six common key technology highlights
Balanced fertilization technology The target yield of spring maize in Northeast China is 800-900 kg/mu, and the recommended fertilization amount of N-P2O5-K2O is 12-14 kg, 4 kg and 5 kg respectively (abbreviated as 12-14-4-5, later); The target yield of winter wheat in North China is 500-600 kg/mu, the recommended fertilizer amount is 14-15-8-6; the target yield of summer maize in North China is 600-700 kg/mu, the recommended fertilizer amount is 16-18-5-6; the target of winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River The yield is 300-500 kg/mu, the recommended fertilizer amount is 10～12-5-6.5; the target yield of single-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is 600-800 kg/mu, and the recommended fertilizer amount is 11～14-4～5-6～8; the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River The target yield of early rice is 450-550 kg/mu, the recommended fertilizer amount is 10-6-10, the target yield of late rice is 550-650 kg/mu, and the recommended fertilizer amount is 12-5-12.
Organic fertilizer replacement technology Under the recommended nutrient dosage, it is recommended that Northeast spring maize adopt organic fertilizer nitrogen 30%, fertilizer nitrogen 70%, commercial organic fertilizer 100-150 kg/mu, or livestock manure 1000-1500 kg/mu; North China winter wheat organic Fertilizer nitrogen 30%, fertilizer nitrogen 70%, commercial organic fertilizer 150 ~ 200 kg / mu, or livestock and poultry manure 1500 ~ 2000 kg / mu; North China summer corn organic fertilizer nitrogen 30%, fertilizer nitrogen 70%, commercial organic fertilizer 150 ~ 200 kg/mu, or livestock manure 1500-2000 kg/mu; winter wheat organic fertilizer nitrogen 30%, fertilizer nitrogen 70%, commercial organic fertilizer 100-150 kg/mu, or livestock manure 1000-1500 kg/ Mu; 20% of organic fertilizer nitrogen in single-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, 80% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, 100-150 kg/mu of commercial organic fertilizer, or 1000-1500 kg/mu of livestock manure; 20% of organic fertilizer nitrogen in early rice and late rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Fertilizer nitrogen is 80%, commercial organic fertilizer is 100-150 kg/mu, or livestock manure is 1000-1500 kg/mu.
Straw returning technology suggests that the northeast corn stalks will be smashed and returned to the field, buried 20~30 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 2:1; the corn stalks in North China are crushed and returned to the field, buried 10-20 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 7:3; North China The wheat straw is crushed and returned to the field, buried 10-20 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 7:3; the rice straw rotation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is smashed and returned to the field, buried 10-20 cm, nitrogen fertilizer base ratio 7:3; wheat straw The smash is returned to the field, buried 10 to 20 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 6:4; the double-season rice straw in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is smashed and returned to the field, buried 20 to 30 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 4:6.
The new fertilizer technology uses a one-time fertilization technology that combines slow-release fertilizers with quick-acting fertilizers. It is suggested that the northeast spring maize adopts 30% of slow-release fertilizer (90d) and 70% of urea once; the winter wheat in North China adopts slow-release fertilizer (90d) 40% and urea 60% primary application; North China summer maize adopts slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (60d) 40% and urea 60% primary application; winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River using slow-release fertilizer (90d) 40% and urea 60% primary application; single-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River using slow-release fertilizer (90d) 40% 60% primary urea application; early rice and late rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River use 50% of slow-release fertilizer (90d) and 50% of urea. In addition to slow-release fertilizers, high-efficiency new fertilizers such as water-soluble fertilizers, liquid fertilizers, foliar fertilizers, biological fertilizers, and soil conditioners are used according to local conditions.
Fertilizer machinery deep application technology suggests that the northeast spring corn fertilization point is 13 cm below the seed, that is, 15-18 cm below the soil; the winter wheat fertilization point in North China is 5-7 cm below the seed, ie 10 cm below the soil; the North China summer corn fertilization point is in the seed. 5 to 7 cm below, ie 10 cm below the soil; winter wheat strips in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are applied to the side of the seedlings 5 ​​cm, 10 cm below the soil; the single-season rice fertilization point in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is 5 cm or directly below the seedling side, ie 12 cm below the soil; The fertilization points of early rice and late rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are 5 cm or directly below the seedling side, that is, 12 cm below the soil. When the conditions are not available, the fertilizers can be selected according to local conditions, such as deep application of machinery, topdressing machinery, and seeding and sowing machinery.
The water and fertilizer integration technology combines high-efficiency water-saving irrigation, promotes technologies such as drip irrigation and fertilization, and promotes the integration of water and fertilizer to improve the efficiency of fertilizer and water resources utilization.
Different regions to choose technology mode according to local conditions
The principle of fertilization in Northeast China is to control nitrogen, reduce phosphorus, stabilize potassium, and supplement trace elements such as zinc, boron, iron and molybdenum. The main measures are to combine deep pine preparation and conservation tillage, increase the intensity of straw returning, and increase the application of organic fertilizer; implement suitable rotation of soybean and corn in suitable areas, and promote rhizobium in soybeans, peanuts and other crops; Integrated technology for fertilizer and water and fertilizer. The northeast spring corn organic fertilizer nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce the fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, reduce the fertilizer fertilizer by 35% to 50%; the nitrogen fertilizer base is 2:1 lower than the straw return; The release of 90-day slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 3:7, combined with chemical fertilizer deep application technology at the time of sowing, further reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus 10%; before jointing, 30% of total nitrogen fertilizer, topdressing The plants are 10-15 cm deep and 8-10 cm deep.
The principle of fertilization in North China is to reduce nitrogen, control phosphorus, stabilize potassium, and supplement trace elements such as sulfur, zinc, iron, manganese and boron. The main measures are periodic deep ploughing of deep pine and protective tillage, implementation of wheat and corn stalk returning to the field, promotion of formula fertilizer, application of organic fertilizer, promotion of corn seed fertilizer and sowing, cotton mechanical topdressing, focusing on wheat water and fertilizer coupling, and promotion of nitrogen fertilizer rearward movement. Technology; vegetables, fruit trees pay attention to the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, effectively control the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer; facility agriculture uses straw and conditioner to improve salinized soil, promote water and fertilizer integration technology; use lime and other conditioning agents to improve acidified soil and develop orchard green manure. Winter wheat organic nitrogen reaches 20% to 30%, which can reduce fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, and reduce fertilizer fertilizer by 35% to 50%; corn stalks are smashed into fields, deep tillage, fine soil preparation, and nitrogen fertilizer base ratio: 3; Advocate the application of release-release period of 90 days of slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 4:6; sowing with chemical fertilizer deep application or stratified fertilization under the fertilizer, can further reduce nitrogen and phosphorus 10%; summer corn light application Re-apply large trumpet-mouth fertilizer, 70% of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the seedlings and the whole seedling stage, and all the phosphorus, potassium and zinc fertilizers. The panicle fertilizer is used to drill the total nitrogen in the big bell mouth. %, in order to promote large-grain and multi-grain, increase leaf photosynthetic capacity, prolong panicle functional period, increase grain weight. Organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, reduce fertilizer fertilizer by 35% to 50%; straw returning nitrogen fertilizer base ratio of 7:3; advocate application release period of 90 days Slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 6:4.
The principle of fertilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is to reduce nitrogen, control phosphorus, stabilize potassium, and apply medium and trace element fertilizers such as sulfur, zinc and boron. The main measures are to promote straw returning technology, promote formula fertilizer, increase organic fertilizer, restore the development of winter green rice fertilizer, promote green tea in fruit tea garden, use alkaline conditioners such as calcium magnesium phosphate, lime and silicon calcium to improve acidified soil, and efficient economic gardening. Crops promote water and fertilizer integration technology. Winter wheat organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, reduce chemical fertilizer phosphorus by 35% to 50%; nitrogen fertilizer base chasing ratio reaches 7:3 under straw return; advocate release period of 90 Days of slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 4:6; combined with chemical fertilizers in planting, can further reduce nitrogen and phosphorus 10%; single-season rice organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen 20% to 30 %, reduce the application of chemical fertilizer phosphorus 35% ~ 50%; nitrogen fertilizer base chasing ratio to 7:3 after straw returning; advocate the application of release period 90 days of slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 4:6, combined with chemical fertilizer deep application , can further reduce the application of nitrogen and phosphorus 10%; double-season rice organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen 20% to 30%, reduce fertilizer fertilizer 35% to 50%; nitrogen fertilizer base is more than straw The field reaches 6:4; it is recommended to apply the release-release period of 90 days of slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 5:5; combined with the deep application of fertilizer machinery, the nitrogen and phosphorus can be further reduced by 10%.
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhou Wei Peasant Daily
NE system provides data support for reducing efficiency
At present, China's chemical fertilizer over-application is serious, with an annual consumption of 60 million tons, accounting for 35% of the world's total fertilizer consumption. The amount of chemical fertilizer per unit of cultivated land is three times that of the world average, twice that of European and American countries.
China has a large number of people, which determines China's high-input and high-output intensive production system. To ensure the sustainable development of high-yield food, efficient fertilizer and nutrient, and the realization of multiple goals of ecological environment safety, we must develop key technologies for reducing fertilizer and increasing efficiency according to China's national conditions.
The Institute of Agricultural Sciences of China has developed a recommended fertilization method for rice, wheat and corn based on yield response and agronomic efficiency. Based on the tens of thousands of effective fertilizer field trials conducted nationwide over the past decade, the method establishes a nutrient database, and studies the intrinsic relationship between soil basic nutrient supply characteristics, agronomic efficiency and yield response, and Based on the optimal nutrient absorption and utilization of characteristic parameters, a recommended fertilization system based on yield response and agronomic efficiency, namely NE (NutrientExpert) system, was established. The NE system has solved the problems of farmers' soil testing conditions and difficulties in nitrogen recommendation by understanding the production level of farmers in the past 3 to 5 years and the fertilization history, and has been widely used in major grain producing areas.
Six common key technology highlights
Balanced fertilization technology The target yield of spring maize in Northeast China is 800-900 kg/mu, and the recommended fertilization amount of N-P2O5-K2O is 12-14 kg, 4 kg and 5 kg respectively (abbreviated as 12-14-4-5, later); The target yield of winter wheat in North China is 500-600 kg/mu, the recommended fertilizer amount is 14-15-8-6; the target yield of summer maize in North China is 600-700 kg/mu, the recommended fertilizer amount is 16-18-5-6; the target of winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River The yield is 300-500 kg/mu, the recommended fertilizer amount is 10～12-5-6.5; the target yield of single-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is 600-800 kg/mu, and the recommended fertilizer amount is 11～14-4～5-6～8; the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River The target yield of early rice is 450-550 kg/mu, the recommended fertilizer amount is 10-6-10, the target yield of late rice is 550-650 kg/mu, and the recommended fertilizer amount is 12-5-12.
Organic fertilizer replacement technology Under the recommended nutrient dosage, it is recommended that Northeast spring maize adopt organic fertilizer nitrogen 30%, fertilizer nitrogen 70%, commercial organic fertilizer 100-150 kg/mu, or livestock manure 1000-1500 kg/mu; North China winter wheat organic Fertilizer nitrogen 30%, fertilizer nitrogen 70%, commercial organic fertilizer 150 ~ 200 kg / mu, or livestock and poultry manure 1500 ~ 2000 kg / mu; North China summer corn organic fertilizer nitrogen 30%, fertilizer nitrogen 70%, commercial organic fertilizer 150 ~ 200 kg/mu, or livestock manure 1500-2000 kg/mu; winter wheat organic fertilizer nitrogen 30%, fertilizer nitrogen 70%, commercial organic fertilizer 100-150 kg/mu, or livestock manure 1000-1500 kg/ Mu; 20% of organic fertilizer nitrogen in single-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, 80% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, 100-150 kg/mu of commercial organic fertilizer, or 1000-1500 kg/mu of livestock manure; 20% of organic fertilizer nitrogen in early rice and late rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Fertilizer nitrogen is 80%, commercial organic fertilizer is 100-150 kg/mu, or livestock manure is 1000-1500 kg/mu.
Straw returning technology suggests that the northeast corn stalks will be smashed and returned to the field, buried 20~30 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 2:1; the corn stalks in North China are crushed and returned to the field, buried 10-20 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 7:3; North China The wheat straw is crushed and returned to the field, buried 10-20 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 7:3; the rice straw rotation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is smashed and returned to the field, buried 10-20 cm, nitrogen fertilizer base ratio 7:3; wheat straw The smash is returned to the field, buried 10 to 20 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 6:4; the double-season rice straw in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is smashed and returned to the field, buried 20 to 30 cm, and the nitrogen fertilizer base ratio is 4:6.
The new fertilizer technology uses a one-time fertilization technology that combines slow-release fertilizers with quick-acting fertilizers. It is suggested that the northeast spring maize adopts 30% of slow-release fertilizer (90d) and 70% of urea once; the winter wheat in North China adopts slow-release fertilizer (90d) 40% and urea 60% primary application; North China summer maize adopts slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (60d) 40% and urea 60% primary application; winter wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River using slow-release fertilizer (90d) 40% and urea 60% primary application; single-season rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River using slow-release fertilizer (90d) 40% 60% primary urea application; early rice and late rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River use 50% of slow-release fertilizer (90d) and 50% of urea. In addition to slow-release fertilizers, high-efficiency new fertilizers such as water-soluble fertilizers, liquid fertilizers, foliar fertilizers, biological fertilizers, and soil conditioners are used according to local conditions.
Fertilizer machinery deep application technology suggests that the northeast spring corn fertilization point is 13 cm below the seed, that is, 15-18 cm below the soil; the winter wheat fertilization point in North China is 5-7 cm below the seed, ie 10 cm below the soil; the North China summer corn fertilization point is in the seed. 5 to 7 cm below, ie 10 cm below the soil; winter wheat strips in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are applied to the side of the seedlings 5 ​​cm, 10 cm below the soil; the single-season rice fertilization point in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is 5 cm or directly below the seedling side, ie 12 cm below the soil; The fertilization points of early rice and late rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are 5 cm or directly below the seedling side, that is, 12 cm below the soil. When the conditions are not available, the fertilizers can be selected according to local conditions, such as deep application of machinery, topdressing machinery, and seeding and sowing machinery.
The water and fertilizer integration technology combines high-efficiency water-saving irrigation, promotes technologies such as drip irrigation and fertilization, and promotes the integration of water and fertilizer to improve the efficiency of fertilizer and water resources utilization.
Different regions to choose technology mode according to local conditions
The principle of fertilization in Northeast China is to control nitrogen, reduce phosphorus, stabilize potassium, and supplement trace elements such as zinc, boron, iron and molybdenum. The main measures are to combine deep pine preparation and conservation tillage, increase the intensity of straw returning, and increase the application of organic fertilizer; implement suitable rotation of soybean and corn in suitable areas, and promote rhizobium in soybeans, peanuts and other crops; Integrated technology for fertilizer and water and fertilizer. The northeast spring corn organic fertilizer nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce the fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, reduce the fertilizer fertilizer by 35% to 50%; the nitrogen fertilizer base is 2:1 lower than the straw return; The release of 90-day slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 3:7, combined with chemical fertilizer deep application technology at the time of sowing, further reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus 10%; before jointing, 30% of total nitrogen fertilizer, topdressing The plants are 10-15 cm deep and 8-10 cm deep.
The principle of fertilization in North China is to reduce nitrogen, control phosphorus, stabilize potassium, and supplement trace elements such as sulfur, zinc, iron, manganese and boron. The main measures are periodic deep ploughing of deep pine and protective tillage, implementation of wheat and corn stalk returning to the field, promotion of formula fertilizer, application of organic fertilizer, promotion of corn seed fertilizer and sowing, cotton mechanical topdressing, focusing on wheat water and fertilizer coupling, and promotion of nitrogen fertilizer rearward movement. Technology; vegetables, fruit trees pay attention to the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers, effectively control the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer; facility agriculture uses straw and conditioner to improve salinized soil, promote water and fertilizer integration technology; use lime and other conditioning agents to improve acidified soil and develop orchard green manure. Winter wheat organic nitrogen reaches 20% to 30%, which can reduce fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, and reduce fertilizer fertilizer by 35% to 50%; corn stalks are smashed into fields, deep tillage, fine soil preparation, and nitrogen fertilizer base ratio: 3; Advocate the application of release-release period of 90 days of slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 4:6; sowing with chemical fertilizer deep application or stratified fertilization under the fertilizer, can further reduce nitrogen and phosphorus 10%; summer corn light application Re-apply large trumpet-mouth fertilizer, 70% of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the seedlings and the whole seedling stage, and all the phosphorus, potassium and zinc fertilizers. The panicle fertilizer is used to drill the total nitrogen in the big bell mouth. %, in order to promote large-grain and multi-grain, increase leaf photosynthetic capacity, prolong panicle functional period, increase grain weight. Organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, reduce fertilizer fertilizer by 35% to 50%; straw returning nitrogen fertilizer base ratio of 7:3; advocate application release period of 90 days Slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 6:4.
The principle of fertilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is to reduce nitrogen, control phosphorus, stabilize potassium, and apply medium and trace element fertilizers such as sulfur, zinc and boron. The main measures are to promote straw returning technology, promote formula fertilizer, increase organic fertilizer, restore the development of winter green rice fertilizer, promote green tea in fruit tea garden, use alkaline conditioners such as calcium magnesium phosphate, lime and silicon calcium to improve acidified soil, and efficient economic gardening. Crops promote water and fertilizer integration technology. Winter wheat organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen by 20% to 30%, reduce chemical fertilizer phosphorus by 35% to 50%; nitrogen fertilizer base chasing ratio reaches 7:3 under straw return; advocate release period of 90 Days of slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 4:6; combined with chemical fertilizers in planting, can further reduce nitrogen and phosphorus 10%; single-season rice organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen 20% to 30 %, reduce the application of chemical fertilizer phosphorus 35% ~ 50%; nitrogen fertilizer base chasing ratio to 7:3 after straw returning; advocate the application of release period 90 days of slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 4:6, combined with chemical fertilizer deep application , can further reduce the application of nitrogen and phosphorus 10%; double-season rice organic nitrogen strives to reach 20% to 30%, can reduce fertilizer nitrogen 20% to 30%, reduce fertilizer fertilizer 35% to 50%; nitrogen fertilizer base is more than straw The field reaches 6:4; it is recommended to apply the release-release period of 90 days of slow-release fertilizer and quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer 5:5; combined with the deep application of fertilizer machinery, the nitrogen and phosphorus can be further reduced by 10%.
Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhou Wei Peasant Daily
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