【Hashiyama Stone】German Emergency Rescue Team Construction Mode

Among the developed countries, Germany has many special features in the construction of emergency rescue teams. In this country of 80 million people, a huge emergency rescue team consisting mainly of volunteers has been built up to 1.8 million people.

German rescue team: composition and characteristics

The German emergency rescue team consists of firefighting, the Federal Technical Assistance Agency, the Red Cross, the Knights of Malta Battlefield Service Center, the Workers Helping People Alliance, the Life Rescue Association, the Johnnyt Accident Rescue, and other comprehensive rescue, technical aid agencies, medical aid and professional services. Rescue and other organizations. Although these relief agencies are independent from each other, they are all connected with each other. This connection also reflects the unique characteristics of the construction of the German emergency rescue team, which can be summed up using five “combinations”.

One is the combination of rescue and rescue.

In Germany, firefighting teams and medical rescue teams (especially the Red Cross Society) are the first responders to emergency rescues, and are responsible for the first-time emergency response of all emergencies. All firefighters need to master the essential basic medical rescue knowledge and provide first-aid medical care for the injured in emergency rescue. In addition, the combination of rescue and ambulance also shows that in most parts of Germany, the fire brigade and the medical aid agency share a single office or share alarm information, and dispatch rescue personnel when receiving information for help.

2nd is the combination of comprehensive and professional.

As the fire brigade is the first-time rescue force and there are various incidents of disposition, it must be a comprehensive rescue team. The inevitable result of "comprehensiveness" is that it is impossible to accomplish various kinds of rescue skills that are professional and can only be "wide and broad." Therefore, for most of the fire brigades, except for the skill of fire fighting and rescue, the other skills they possess are only basic. In order to make up for this deficiency, it is necessary to use professional rescue forces to support it. Other organizations besides firefighting are complementary professional forces that play an important supporting role in their respective professional fields. It is particularly worth pointing out that in these professional organizations, the Federal Technical Assistance Agency is a very powerful force. All members of the Federal Agency for Technical Assistance have the same basic rescue skills as the fire brigade. They can also receive other more professional rescue training according to their preferences. As an organization with 668 local associations across the country , the Federal Technical Assistance Department has established 13 professional rescue teams, which are allocated to local associations or regional branches and state associations according to actual needs of each region. When specialized disasters occur and special forces are needed for support, these professional rescue teams play a decisive role.

3 3 is a combination of full-time and part-time jobs.

In Germany, there are three types of firefighting teams: professional fire brigades, volunteer fire brigades, and obligatory fire brigades. Among them, professional firefighters belong to civil servants and are supported by the government; volunteer firefighters are those who join the fire brigade to offset certain types of voluntary work (such as military service). Under the law, only the German population reached 8-100000 (specific criteria decided by the states) area was set up professional fire brigade. Therefore, most of the 1.3 million firefighters in Germany are volunteers. The same is true of the Federal Technology and Rescue Agency's model. Of the 80,000 people in the country , only 800 are full-time employees, accounting for only 1% . These full-time staff include teachers of the Federal Technical Assistance Rescue Training School, regional branch offices, state associations, and headquarters managers. All personnel below the level of the Federal Technical Assistance Department local associations are volunteers. The Knights of Malta Battlefield Service Center, Workers Helping Affiliates, Life Rescue Association, Johnnyt Accident and other organizations are purely volunteer organizations.

4th is the combination of government and society.

Although the vast majority of emergency rescue workers are volunteers, it does not mean that the German government's investment in the construction of emergency rescue teams is very weak. The German government adopted a combination of government resources and social forces. The specific approach is: The government pays money and the society sends out people. Most of the rescue workers are volunteers from the society. Their own management is also a form of social self-government. For example, leaders are elected by members. The government will provide financial support for the site, equipment, maintenance and personnel training required for the construction of the rescue team.

5 5 is a combination of local and federal.

Under the federal system, Germany’s emergency management function belongs to the local government. Therefore, the construction of the rescue team also depends mainly on local forces. However, this does not mean that the federal government does not invest in emergency rescue teams or participate in local emergency rescue. In fact, the Federal Agency for Technical Assistance is a federal agency that is vertically managed by the Federal Ministry of the Interior. However, its personnel are quickly involved in local rescue when requested by the local rescue team or the local government. The funding for the team building and the cost of the rescue are Funded by the federal government.

German Rescue Command: Decentralization and Coordination

Due to the diversification, socialization, and integration of aid organizations, the command and coordination system for emergency rescue in Germany is relatively complicated. However, due to more reasonable decentralization, efficiency is demonstrated in actual rescue. The overall performance is fourfold.

First of all, the federal and local decentralization.

In Germany, both federal agencies involved in emergency management (such as the Federal Ministry of the Interior, the Federal Police, the Federal Technical Assistance Agency), and federal states (such as the State Department of the Interior, state police) and local agencies (such as the county government, fire control). However, in this federal system, the responsibility for emergency rescue has a clear division between the various levels of government. Only during the war did the Commonwealth bear the responsibility of protecting the citizens. In the peacetime catastrophe, 16 federal states are responsible. The federal government is responsible for support and equipment provision, and the federal state is responsible for county / city ​​financial support and coordination of resources and reporting systems. As for the command of emergency rescue, it is the responsibility of the leaders or agencies of the county / city ​​government.

Second, administrative and technical responsibility are divided.

The command authority of the German emergency rescue shall be borne by the county / city ​​government, specifically its highest administrative leader, namely the county governor or the mayor. Because the county governors and mayors are all elected and have a certain term of office, most of them have no practical experience in emergency rescue. In order to make up for this inadequacy and improve the efficiency of emergency rescue, Germany divided responsibility for the emergency rescue headquarters under the unified administrative leadership of the territories, that is, divides the command responsibility into administrative responsibility and rescue operation responsibility, and forms two types of command: Executive Command and Tactical Command. Among them, the county governor / mayor has the final decision-making power of the emergency rescue command and assumes the corresponding political responsibility; the administrative command office is composed of administrative functions of the county / city ​​government and is designated by the county governor / mayor or the governor / mayor The personnel are the commanders; the tactical command is composed of firefighting, the Federal Technical Assistance Agency, and the medical aid organization. The commander is generally the commander of the local fire control (such as the fire chief). The administrative headquarters is only established if the disaster is large and requires the relevant functional departments to provide administrative support. Routine rescue only sets up tactical headquarters. When faced with a major disaster, the administrative headquarters and the tactical headquarters each perform their duties. The former is responsible for the various protection work required for emergency rescue and decides on the administrative affairs related to the rescue; the latter conducts specific rescue and operations during the rescue. Responsibility for sexual issues.

Again, internal and external coordination.

The administrative headquarters and the tactical headquarters are not affiliated with each other. They are external agencies. The administrative headquarters establishes coordination groups and communicates and coordinates with the tactical headquarters. The tactical headquarters also has members who communicate with the administrative headquarters. . In addition, in the German emergency command system, whether it is the administrative command or the tactical command, some internal members and external members are also divided. In the administrative headquarters, internal members can be further divided into: permanent members (including heads of public security, disaster response, health, environment, social security, etc., and tactical command liaison officers); event special members (related to events The administrative department, especially the financial department). External members include permanent police officers and specialized agencies involved in the incident. Coordination between the internal and external departments of the administrative headquarters is under the responsibility of a coordination group established within the headquarters. In the tactical headquarters, if there is no administrative headquarters, the internal members consist of six groups: human and internal affairs group, disaster group, task assignment group, logistic support group, media public relations group, and communication group. In the case of the establishment of an administrative headquarters, the Tactical Command does not establish a media public relations group, and its functions are assumed by the administrative headquarters. External members of the Tactical Command include telematics personnel and an information processor. They only handle the sending, receiving, and processing of information and do not participate in decision-making. Through the cooperation between internal members and external members, the tactical command maintained the smooth flow of command information.

Finally, command and support are matched.

Under normal circumstances, the general command of the tactical command is handled by the fire commander at the scene of the incident. The other organizations participating in the rescue are supportive forces that serve as targets for the tactical command and obey the command. From a certain point of view, in the specific rescue aspect, the administrative headquarters is also the support and cooperation force of the tactical headquarters, and plays a role in coordinating the administrative and social resources of the jurisdiction to ensure emergency rescue. When the resources in the area are not enough to cope with the disaster, the administrative headquarters is responsible for applying for support from the next level of government. At this time, the superior government acts in coordination with the role to coordinate the rescue resources within its jurisdiction, instead of exercising its command power.

This article is from the Internet.