What to do if an explosion or shooting encounters an emergency danger? Reserve this knowledge first

Nerve agents cleanse the skin immediately and quickly take antidote

Chemical weapons are known as "silent killers", and their "shadows" appear from time to time in modern history, causing countless tragedies. On April 4, a chemical weapon attack occurred in Idlib governorate in northern Syria, killing at least 70 civilians, including 11 children, and wounding more than 200. Although this deadly gas has not been confirmed, experts suspect it is a neurotoxic agent. When we were sighing for these dead lives, the American LifeScience published an article about the scientific point of view of what neurotoxic agents are and how to save ourselves if they are exposed.

What is it? Highly toxic chemicals are similar to insecticides

According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), neurotoxic agents are highly toxic chemicals that can interfere with signals from the nervous system. There are several types of neurotoxic agents, and the most "famous" can be regarded as sarin. Sarin was first widely "recognized" in the 1990s. On March 20, 1995, members of the cult Aum Shinrikyo used Sarin in the Tokyo subway, killing 13 people and injuring about 6,300 people. Other representative neurotoxic agents include soman, tabun, and VX. Sarin, Soman and Tabun are all related to the development of pesticides in the 1930s and 1940s. Dr. Lewis Nielsen, chairman of emergency medicine at Rutgers University School of Medicine in New Jersey, pointed out that these insecticides and neurotoxic agents belong to a chemical called organic phosphorus. The "working principle" of neurotoxic agents and insecticides is similar. Although it affects different parts of the body, there are some overlapping symptoms.

What is the principle? Control twitching of muscle nerves causing difficulty breathing

Both organophosphorus pesticides and nerve poisons will "stare" at an enzyme that turns off the neurotransmitter "acetylcholine". Once the enzyme responsible for "switching" is "trapped", acetylcholine will continue to stimulate certain receptors on nerve cells. Organophosphorus insecticides “bind” this enzyme in the glands, causing large amounts of fluid to be lost. People exposed to this pesticide may over-secret saliva, tears, and sweat, as well as diarrhea, urination, and pulmonary edema. Severe pulmonary edema can cause death.

In contrast, organophosphorus nerve agents tend to "stare at" enzymes in muscle nerve junctions. Once the neurotoxic agent "controls" this enzyme that can turn off acetylcholine, acetylcholine may accumulate in the muscles, causing excessive convulsions. "Some people describe this feeling with a bag of worms." Dr. Nielsen said, "You will feel this" motion "in your muscles. After a minute or two, your muscles will feel paralyzed, or It is difficult to mobilize the muscles needed to maintain breathing. "

How to cure? Take the antidote within ten minutes of self-decontamination immediately

Nerve agents act very quickly and usually show symptoms within a few minutes. Dr. Nielsen suggested that if unfortunately exposed to neurotoxic agents, "self-decontamination" should be carried out immediately, that is, taking off the clothes and washing the skin with soap and water. At the same time, you can also try to rinse your eyes and gargle with water.

When the injured person has developed symptoms of muscle paralysis, the caregiver can wear an oxygen mask to help him breathe. However, Nielsen also warned that caregivers must be fully protected before performing the operation, otherwise they may become the next "victim" through contact with the wounded's skin or inhalation of neurotoxic agents.

If you have inhaled a neurotoxic agent, don't panic, there is also a corresponding antidote. An antidote called atropine can block acetylcholine receptors to prevent excessive stimulation. Another antidote is called phospodine or 2-PAM, which can remove the organophosphate in the enzyme to prevent the accumulation of acetylcholine. However, no matter what kind of antidote is used, the detoxification is always fast, and Dr. Nielsen reminded that it should be taken within 10 minutes after exposure to nerve gas.

Street explosions keep in mind the tricks of lying down and breathing to save lives

In addition to understanding how to "antagonize" neurotoxic agents, we reserve more common sense that can save lives at critical moments. There is also a critical situation where "killing without blinking" is equally fatal, that is, a street explosion. In Pakistan, people fought wisely against attacks that threatened their lives and used blood and tears to draw up a set of protective measures, which was published in the local media "Forum Express". Although these suggestions are very simple, if you can remember and follow the critical moments, you can greatly reduce casualties.

Holding your breath when in an explosion is easy to kill on your side and can reduce injuries

At this time you need to keep calm and remember that you are the only one who can protect yourself. If something around starts to fall, immediately climb to a solid table or solid object and avoid it for at least 1 minute. To avoid secondary injury, keep away from glass or attachments, such as windows, mirrors, cabinets, and electrical equipment. In particular, remember to stay away from natural gas pipelines, fire hazards, or kitchens that can cause secondary explosions.

Remember to not take the elevator when you escape. Once you escape, go as far away from the building as possible and go to an empty place. The most crucial point is to lie flat when avoiding attacks. Most explosives used by suicide bombers are designed as "flower bouquet" explosions. The shrapnel will spread out at a height of about 0.6-1.8 meters above the ground, increasing the chance of hitting the body and head of the human body. Therefore, it is best to lie on the ground in the event of an explosion and try to lie on your side and protect your exposed eyes with your arms.

Breathing is equally important, people will habitually take a deep breath or hold their breath in an emergency, but this habit has proved fatal. Because our lungs will resemble a pressurized balloon, ruptured by an explosion shock wave, the data shows that most of the victims of explosion attacks will die of lung hemorrhage, and on average only 6% of the victims die of shrapnel injuries. So remember to keep your mouth open and breathe in a short way.

The explosion was buried, don't move, don't call, don't cry, wait quietly for rescue

First, you have to cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing. And in order to "eat the soil" less, it is necessary to avoid unnecessary movement, because the movement may drop more dust. If you are really struggling while waiting for rescue, then try to remember something that makes you relax and happy. At this time, you need to use your "daydreaming" skills. Of course, the most important thing is to let the rescuers find you. Remember, do n’t yell when it ’s a last resort, because when you yell, there will be a lot of “eating dirt” when it is not properly maintained. That ’s really useless. . To guide rescuers correctly, you can repeatedly tap on pipes or walls, use a flashlight or mobile phone and other light-emitting tools to send out a distress signal, and if you can whistle, you can also try it.

After the explosion, quickly fled the scene and the mobile phone lighter could not be used

At this time, the most important thing is a word-"Run", leave the explosion quickly, away from the crowds, cars, trucks, public transportation and damaged buildings. Remember, no matter what is valuable, do not try to return to the scene to get it, there is nothing more valuable than your life. When you run, you also pay attention to it, especially when you open the door, remember to look up to see if something will fall. Another thing to note is that do n’t stop to call cell phones, phones, or radios because electrical sparks or signals may detonate other bombs. In the same way, don't use a lighter or a match, sparks can also cause an explosion.

General formula ALICE

The United States often uses the acronym ALICE to train students, teachers, and businesses on how to respond to terrorist incidents. A-alert alert, L-lockdown blockade, I-inform notification, C-counter counterattack, E-evacuate evacuation. ALICE is not a series of steps, but guidance. ALICE clearly states not to try to interact with the gunman. In fact, the gunman is the person who least wants to interact.

The subway system relies on auditory touch to calmly find the exit

People living in big cities rely on the subway system for daily travel. Therefore, it is also essential to understand some necessary subway safety escape techniques. On April 4, an attack on the subway in St. Petersburg, Russia, claimed the lives of at least 14 people. The incident reminded us again that how to ensure the safety of people's lives in an emergency is a major challenge facing the subway transportation system. After the incident, the Australian Interpretation News Network (The Conversation) immediately published some active research conducted by some scholars, and tried to use engineering and psychology to "break" the behavior of people, in order to continuously optimize the evacuation procedure. In fact, no matter how sudden and unprepared, just use scientific methods to find the most effective and convenient solution.

Design can also help need to consider passengers ’mutual assistance behavior

In order to increase the probability of escape and ensure people's lives more effectively, the design of tunnels and trains largely determines the safety of rail transit. Experimental results show that the effectiveness of evacuation in the subway depends on the structure of the train door and the space available after leaving the train. This may include the height difference between the train door and the ground outside the car and the narrow space used for evacuation in the tunnel . Especially the height difference, the height difference between some subway doors and the ground can reach 1.4 meters, which becomes the main obstacle during the evacuation, slowing down the speed of people escaping from the train. And for the children and the elderly in the evacuation group, it is impossible to escape on their own. For this height difference, it is particularly important that the subway driver can manage to drive the car into the station. In the explosion in St. Petersburg, the train conductor saved many lives indirectly. The local investigation committee said that after the explosion, the train conductor did not stop but continued to the next stop, allowing passengers to evacuate faster and rescue The personnel can also rescue the wounded in time, avoiding more serious consequences.

It is worth noting that when faced with such an emergency, people are often more rational than expected. But according to the survey of disasters, people behave more rationally rather than competitively when they encounter this kind of situation. Based on this, we can also know that no matter what kind of preparations are made for subway traffic to prevent disasters, they should also take passenger behavior into account. They need to design the environment to be more responsive to people's behavior, rather than requiring people to adapt to the environment when they encounter disasters.

The evacuation is actually the key to learning an audio alarm and handrails

The evacuation of people in the subway system is different from the evacuation of people in a building. Most people are not very familiar with the underground environment except for taking the subway. Usually, when they are in an emergency and people are in a tunnel, the surrounding environment is very strange. In addition, the enclosed space means that if there is smoke in the tunnel, the visibility of the human eye will drop rapidly. In general, the design of the tunnel does not isolate different areas to prevent the spread of smoke, so that the tunnel will soon "fall" and the entire "swallowed" by smoke.

In such an environment, evacuating people will naturally encounter many troubles. Investigations have shown that in this case, affected by visibility, the evacuation speed will definitely slow down, and the panicked people cannot fully expect to see the signs that take them out. The smoke will make similar emergency exit signs "cloudy and foggy", making it difficult to locate where the nearest emergency exit is. For this reason, evacuating people often can only rely on other senses, such as hearing or touch. This is why multiple studies have mentioned that audible alarms and handrails are the real "life-saving straw" in emergencies.

The importance of audible alarms and handrails is also reflected in people's tendency to move towards familiar places or people when they encounter emergencies. For example, if you are looking for an escape route in the subway system, people may run in the direction they come in—the entrance and exit of the platform. However, in many cases, the emergency exit that is closer to people is in the tunnel, and choosing this exit wisely can earn more time to escape safely.

At the same time, the focus of attention at this time is only the direct threats that may be received. Under high pressure, people are full of mind "God, where should I run" "I want to run quickly" ... instead of calmly analyzing The message around us "Let's see if there are any exit directions nearby". This is the time for "social influence" to come into play. When a person in the crowd can find a faster escape route, the interaction between evacuating the crowd can make this "information" spread faster and help the entire crowd escape faster.

In the shooting case, the mobile phone is tuned to silence to create chaos and escape

Many countries, such as the United States, Britain, France, and Germany, allow citizens to legally hold firearms. Therefore, whether it is local people or tourists, it is particularly important to have certain common sense of survival and self-help. Because when encountering such vicious incidents, the innocent people are often involved. Americans are very concerned about street safety, so local media also constantly distribute reliable and practical advice to the public. Fox News made a show titled "How to Survive in the Shooting Case", inviting former US Navy SEAL sniper Brandon Weber. Weber suggested that people must run, and think about what to do next, because the gunman is difficult to hit the moving object, especially "don't stay in the same place and pray with closed eyes." The Australian News Network also reported that if there is nowhere to escape, they hide and mute their phones. In addition, the US military SERE school reminds you to always keep calm and maintain an optimistic attitude.

Dodge word

If you ca n’t escape from the building or room immediately, you have to buy time for yourself, one is to find another way out, the other is to prevent the gunman from forcing in, and the third is to wait for the police to arrive. When blocking the door, not only lock the door, but also block the door with a table, chair, bookcase, or something big and heavy. Remember to stuff something in the door gap furthest from the door hinge, but also use something to rest under the door handle. All this is because the gunman does not choose a room that requires effort.

It is also an important step for the gunman to not find you. Turn off the lights and mute the phone. But before putting your cell phone into a high cabinet, remember to make sure that someone has made an alarm call. If you choose to keep hiding, try to hide behind objects made of thick wood or thick metal, or stack several layers of thin materials.

Running word

If feasible, this is the first choice and the best choice. First of all, do n’t run aimlessly or blindly follow the crowd. Before entering the stairwell, lobby, and exit, stop and take a look to ensure that you can pass quickly without being trapped in a conspicuous location. In addition, the gate is not the only exit. Open the windows or see if there is a hiding place under the suspended ceiling. You can even penetrate the plasterboard between the two rooms.

Typing tips

Counterattack is a last resort and is only used when there is danger to life or being trapped with the gunman. For amateur players like us, we can only create as much chaos as possible, books, coffee cups ... everything that can be obtained is a "weapon" thrown out. At the same time, it can move while making noise. The founder of the ALICE training institution said that through training, even children can get escape time by moving fast, making noise, and distracting attention.

At this critical moment, we must rely on "many strength". Some experts taught a "tactic". Everyone ambushed behind the door. After the gunman came in, one grabbed his hand holding the gun, one hugged his leg, and the others swarmed up to push the gunman down. Taking advantage of the combined weight advantage, even a group of "small people" can put down a big guy. Remember, once the gunman "falls the net", first remove his weapon and cover it with clothing or trash can.