Foliar fertilizer is a type of fertilizer that is applied to the surface of crop leaves by nutrients and exerts basic functions through the absorption of leaves. The leaves of the plant have upper and lower epidermis, which are composed of epidermal cells. The outer epidermis has a stratum corneum and wax on the outer side. It can protect the mesophyll cells under the epidermis tissue from functions such as photosynthesis and respiration, and is not affected by changes in external adverse conditions. The leaf shows many tiny pores and exercises the function of gas replacement. Studies have shown that the stratum corneum consists of a long carbon chain fatty acid polymer with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The molecular interstices of the polymer and the hydrophilic groups of the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on the molecule allow the aqueous solution to penetrate into the leaves. The stomata on the surface of the blade are a more convenient passage for the foliar fertilizer to enter the blade. Urea substances in chemical fertilizers have a softening effect on the stratum corneum of epidermal cells, which can accelerate the infiltration of other nutrients. Therefore, urea substances have a softening effect on the stratum corneum of epidermal cells, which can accelerate the infiltration of other nutrients, so urea becomes leaf surface. An important component of fat.
First, the type of foliar fertilizer
At present, there are many kinds of foliar fertilizers, and there are hundreds of species and even thousands of species in the country. According to its function and function, foliar fertilizer can be summarized into the following four categories:
1. Nutrient foliar fertilizer: The nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements in such foliar fertilizer is high. The main function is to provide various nutrients for crops and improve the nutritional status of crops, especially suitable for crops. Supplementation of various nutrients in the late growth stage.
2, regulating foliar fertilizer: This type of foliar fertilizer contains substances that regulate plant growth, such as auxin, hormones and other components, the main function is to regulate the growth and development of crops. Suitable for pre- and post-plant growth.
3, bio-foliar fertilizer: This type of fertilizer contains microorganisms and metabolites, such as amino acids, nucleotides, nucleic acids. The main function is to stimulate crop growth, promote crop metabolism, reduce and prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases.
4. Compound foliar fertilizer: There are many kinds of foliar fertilizers, and the composite mixed forms are various. There are many functions, and a foliar fertilizer can provide nutrition and stimulate growth and regulation.
Second, the benefits of spraying foliar fertilizer on crops
1. Insufficient supplementation of root fertilization
When the crop is inconvenient for root fertilization, such as the late stage of crop growth, root activity declines, and the ability to absorb fertilizer decreases; or when the soil environment is unfavorable to crop growth, such as excessive water, drought, soil acidity, and alkali, causing crop roots. Absorption is blocked, and crops need to resume growth quickly. If the root application method can not meet the crop needs in time, only foliar application can be used to quickly supplement nutrients and meet the needs of crop growth and development.
2, quickly add nutrition
In the process of crop growth, crops have shown some nutrient deficiencies, because the use of soil fertilization requires a certain amount of nutrients to be absorbed by the crops, and can not alleviate the symptoms of crop deficiency in time. At this time, using foliar fertilization, nutrients can quickly enter the plant through the leaves, solving the problem of deficiency.
3, give full play to fertilizer efficiency
Some fertilizers such as phosphorus, iron, manganese, copper, zinc fertilizer, etc., if applied as roots, are easily fixed by the soil, affecting the application effect, and foliar application is not limited by soil conditions. For example, some fruit trees and other deep root crops absorb less nutrients. If traditional fertilization methods are difficult to apply to the root absorption site, they can not fully exert their fertilizer efficiency, while foliar spray can achieve better results. effect.
4. Reduce soil pollution
The application of nitrogen fertilizer to the soil is likely to cause the accumulation of nitrate in groundwater and vegetables, which is harmful to human health. About 75% of the nitrates absorbed by humans come from vegetables. If foliar fertilization is adopted, appropriately reducing the amount of soil fertilization can reduce the nitrate content in plants and residual mineral nitrogen in the soil. In salinized soil, soil fertilization may increase the concentration of soil solution and increase the salinization of the soil. The use of foliar fertilization measures not only saves the amount of fertilization, but also reduces the pollution of soil and water sources. It is an effective fertilization technique with two advantages.
5, economical and cost-effective
Various trace elements are essential nutrients in the process of crop growth and development, but the application amount is very small, such as molybdenum fertilizer, the application amount per acre is only a few tens of grams, and it is not easy to apply evenly according to the root application method. Only by foliar application can it be cost effective. According to research estimates, the general crop sprays boron fertilizer on the foliar surface, and the utilization rate of boron is 8.18 times that of the base application. From the perspective of economic efficiency, foliar application is more cost-effective than roots.
Third, the foliar fertilizer in the application process
1. Vegetable spraying foliar fertilizers varies from dish to vegetable.
(1) Leafy vegetables. For example, cabbage, spinach, and leek need more nitrogen. Spray fertilizer should be mainly urea and ammonium sulfate. The concentration of urea should be 1~2%, ammonium sulfate is 1.5%, and sprayed 2~4 times per season. Spraying in the early stage of growth is preferred.
(2) Fruits and vegetables. Such as pepper, eggplant, tomato, beans and various melons, the need for NPK is relatively balanced, should use NPK mixed solution or compound fertilizer. Spray 1~2% urea with 0.3~0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 2% compound fertilizer solution. It is usually sprayed 1 or 2 times in the early and late stages of growth. Spraying in the later stage can prevent premature aging, enhance stamina, and have a good yield increase effect.
(3) Root vegetables. For example, garlic, onion, radish, potato, etc. require more phosphorus and potassium, and foliar fertilizer can use 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution and 10% grass ash leaching solution. It is usually sprayed 3~4 times per season, and the effect is better.
2. Select the appropriate spray concentration. Foliar fertilization concentration is directly related to the effect of spraying. If the concentration of the solution is too high, the crop leaves are easily burned after spraying; the solution concentration is too low, which not only increases the workload, but also fails to meet the nutritional requirements of supplementary crops. Therefore, in the application, it should be formulated according to the local conditions due to different fertilizers and crops.
3. Choose the appropriate spray method. The preparation solution should be uniform, the spray mist should be evenly distributed, and the number of sprays needs to be seen.
4. Master the spraying period. The period of foliar fertilization should be based on the demand for nutrients in different growth stages of various crops, and the selection of crop nutrient elements should be carried out at the most and most urgently to achieve the best results.
5. Choose the appropriate spray time. The effect of foliar fertilization is directly related to temperature, humidity, wind, etc. It is best to choose foliar spray without wind or cloudy or with high humidity and small evaporation before 9:00 am. After 4 pm, if it rains 3 to 4 hours after spraying, it needs to be refilled.
6. Select the appropriate spray site. The upper and middle leaves and stems of the plant have different metabolic dysfunctions, and the ability to absorb nutrients from the outside is quite different. It is necessary to select appropriate spraying sites.
7. Add additives. When spraying the fertilizer on the foliar surface, appropriate additives are added to improve the adhesion of the fertilizer solution on the leaves of the plant and promote the absorption of the fertilizer.
8. Combined with soil fertilization. Because the root has a larger and more complete absorption system than the leaf, for large amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc., it is determined that more than 10 foliar fertilization can reach the total amount of nutrients absorbed by the root. Therefore, foliar fertilization cannot completely replace the root fertilization of crops and must be combined with root fertilization.
The application amount of foliar fertilizer is small, the effect is rapid and obvious, and the utilization rate of fertilizer is improved. It is a kind of fertilization measure with good economy and good effect, especially the application of some trace elements to the foliage is more unique. However, we should also see that foliar fertilization is more cumbersome and requires more labor. It is also susceptible to climatic conditions. Because of different crop types and growth periods, foliar fertilization effects vary widely. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the foliar fertilization technology correctly on the basis of root fertilization, in order to fully exert the effect of increasing yield and increasing income of foliar fertilizer.
First, the type of foliar fertilizer
At present, there are many kinds of foliar fertilizers, and there are hundreds of species and even thousands of species in the country. According to its function and function, foliar fertilizer can be summarized into the following four categories:
1. Nutrient foliar fertilizer: The nutrient content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements in such foliar fertilizer is high. The main function is to provide various nutrients for crops and improve the nutritional status of crops, especially suitable for crops. Supplementation of various nutrients in the late growth stage.
2, regulating foliar fertilizer: This type of foliar fertilizer contains substances that regulate plant growth, such as auxin, hormones and other components, the main function is to regulate the growth and development of crops. Suitable for pre- and post-plant growth.
3, bio-foliar fertilizer: This type of fertilizer contains microorganisms and metabolites, such as amino acids, nucleotides, nucleic acids. The main function is to stimulate crop growth, promote crop metabolism, reduce and prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases.
4. Compound foliar fertilizer: There are many kinds of foliar fertilizers, and the composite mixed forms are various. There are many functions, and a foliar fertilizer can provide nutrition and stimulate growth and regulation.
Second, the benefits of spraying foliar fertilizer on crops
1. Insufficient supplementation of root fertilization
When the crop is inconvenient for root fertilization, such as the late stage of crop growth, root activity declines, and the ability to absorb fertilizer decreases; or when the soil environment is unfavorable to crop growth, such as excessive water, drought, soil acidity, and alkali, causing crop roots. Absorption is blocked, and crops need to resume growth quickly. If the root application method can not meet the crop needs in time, only foliar application can be used to quickly supplement nutrients and meet the needs of crop growth and development.
2, quickly add nutrition
In the process of crop growth, crops have shown some nutrient deficiencies, because the use of soil fertilization requires a certain amount of nutrients to be absorbed by the crops, and can not alleviate the symptoms of crop deficiency in time. At this time, using foliar fertilization, nutrients can quickly enter the plant through the leaves, solving the problem of deficiency.
3, give full play to fertilizer efficiency
Some fertilizers such as phosphorus, iron, manganese, copper, zinc fertilizer, etc., if applied as roots, are easily fixed by the soil, affecting the application effect, and foliar application is not limited by soil conditions. For example, some fruit trees and other deep root crops absorb less nutrients. If traditional fertilization methods are difficult to apply to the root absorption site, they can not fully exert their fertilizer efficiency, while foliar spray can achieve better results. effect.
4. Reduce soil pollution
The application of nitrogen fertilizer to the soil is likely to cause the accumulation of nitrate in groundwater and vegetables, which is harmful to human health. About 75% of the nitrates absorbed by humans come from vegetables. If foliar fertilization is adopted, appropriately reducing the amount of soil fertilization can reduce the nitrate content in plants and residual mineral nitrogen in the soil. In salinized soil, soil fertilization may increase the concentration of soil solution and increase the salinization of the soil. The use of foliar fertilization measures not only saves the amount of fertilization, but also reduces the pollution of soil and water sources. It is an effective fertilization technique with two advantages.
5, economical and cost-effective
Various trace elements are essential nutrients in the process of crop growth and development, but the application amount is very small, such as molybdenum fertilizer, the application amount per acre is only a few tens of grams, and it is not easy to apply evenly according to the root application method. Only by foliar application can it be cost effective. According to research estimates, the general crop sprays boron fertilizer on the foliar surface, and the utilization rate of boron is 8.18 times that of the base application. From the perspective of economic efficiency, foliar application is more cost-effective than roots.
Third, the foliar fertilizer in the application process
1. Vegetable spraying foliar fertilizers varies from dish to vegetable.
(1) Leafy vegetables. For example, cabbage, spinach, and leek need more nitrogen. Spray fertilizer should be mainly urea and ammonium sulfate. The concentration of urea should be 1~2%, ammonium sulfate is 1.5%, and sprayed 2~4 times per season. Spraying in the early stage of growth is preferred.
(2) Fruits and vegetables. Such as pepper, eggplant, tomato, beans and various melons, the need for NPK is relatively balanced, should use NPK mixed solution or compound fertilizer. Spray 1~2% urea with 0.3~0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 2% compound fertilizer solution. It is usually sprayed 1 or 2 times in the early and late stages of growth. Spraying in the later stage can prevent premature aging, enhance stamina, and have a good yield increase effect.
(3) Root vegetables. For example, garlic, onion, radish, potato, etc. require more phosphorus and potassium, and foliar fertilizer can use 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution and 10% grass ash leaching solution. It is usually sprayed 3~4 times per season, and the effect is better.
2. Select the appropriate spray concentration. Foliar fertilization concentration is directly related to the effect of spraying. If the concentration of the solution is too high, the crop leaves are easily burned after spraying; the solution concentration is too low, which not only increases the workload, but also fails to meet the nutritional requirements of supplementary crops. Therefore, in the application, it should be formulated according to the local conditions due to different fertilizers and crops.
3. Choose the appropriate spray method. The preparation solution should be uniform, the spray mist should be evenly distributed, and the number of sprays needs to be seen.
4. Master the spraying period. The period of foliar fertilization should be based on the demand for nutrients in different growth stages of various crops, and the selection of crop nutrient elements should be carried out at the most and most urgently to achieve the best results.
5. Choose the appropriate spray time. The effect of foliar fertilization is directly related to temperature, humidity, wind, etc. It is best to choose foliar spray without wind or cloudy or with high humidity and small evaporation before 9:00 am. After 4 pm, if it rains 3 to 4 hours after spraying, it needs to be refilled.
6. Select the appropriate spray site. The upper and middle leaves and stems of the plant have different metabolic dysfunctions, and the ability to absorb nutrients from the outside is quite different. It is necessary to select appropriate spraying sites.
7. Add additives. When spraying the fertilizer on the foliar surface, appropriate additives are added to improve the adhesion of the fertilizer solution on the leaves of the plant and promote the absorption of the fertilizer.
8. Combined with soil fertilization. Because the root has a larger and more complete absorption system than the leaf, for large amounts of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc., it is determined that more than 10 foliar fertilization can reach the total amount of nutrients absorbed by the root. Therefore, foliar fertilization cannot completely replace the root fertilization of crops and must be combined with root fertilization.
The application amount of foliar fertilizer is small, the effect is rapid and obvious, and the utilization rate of fertilizer is improved. It is a kind of fertilization measure with good economy and good effect, especially the application of some trace elements to the foliage is more unique. However, we should also see that foliar fertilization is more cumbersome and requires more labor. It is also susceptible to climatic conditions. Because of different crop types and growth periods, foliar fertilization effects vary widely. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the foliar fertilization technology correctly on the basis of root fertilization, in order to fully exert the effect of increasing yield and increasing income of foliar fertilizer.
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