The relationship between glass viscosity and composition:
(1) Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium dioxide, etc. increase the viscosity of the glass.
(2) The alkali metal oxide R2O lowers the viscosity of the glass.
(3) The effect of alkaline earth metal oxides on the viscosity of glass is complicated. On the one hand, similar to alkali metal oxides, it can depolymerize large tetrahedral groups and cause viscosity reduction; on the other hand, these cations have higher electricity prices and less ionic radius, so the bond force is larger than that of metal ions, and it is possible to capture The oxygen ions of the small tetrahedral group are around themselves, increasing the viscosity. The former effect is dominant at high temperatures, while the latter effect is mainly at low temperatures. The order of viscosity increase ability of alkaline earth metals is: Mg2+>Ca2+>Sr2+>Ba2+, in which CaO increases viscosity at low temperature; at high temperature, when the content is less than 10%-12%, the viscosity is lowered, and when the content is less than 10%-12%, the viscosity is lowered. Viscosity.
(4), PbO, CdO, Bi2O3, SnO2, etc. reduce the viscosity of the glass.
In addition, Li2O, ZnO, B2O3, etc. all have the effect of increasing the low temperature viscosity and lowering the high temperature viscosity.
Low-iron glass, also ultra clear glass, is a type of high-clarity glass that is made from silica with very low amounts of iron. This low level of iron removes the greenish-blue tint that can be seen especially on larger and thicker sizes of glass. Low-iron glass is used for aquariums, display cases, some windows, and other applications where clarity is desired.
Tempered or toughened glass is a type of safety glass processed by controlled thermal to increase its strength compared with normal glass. Tempering puts the outer surfaces into compression and the interior into tension. Such stresses cause the glass, when broken, to crumble into small granular chunks instead of splintering into jagged shards as plate glass (a.k.a. annealed glass) does. The granular chunks are less likely to cause injury.
Tempered Glass ultra clear glass is a kind of safety glass, with low rate of explosion, high transmittance, to meet some request which need high transmittance. For some printed or back painted tempered glass, ultra clear glass as for subtract can provide the truest color.
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