The history of Chinese building waterproofing dates back tens of thousands of years ago and has become an important part of the splendid Chinese architectural culture. Our ancestors have accumulated rich experience in building waterproofing in practice, for example, “mainly in the row, supplemented by defenseâ€, “multi-channel fortification, rigid and soft†and other architectural waterproof design concepts, still being the world today. Adopted by architects in various countries. This is not only the precious wealth that the Chinese nation has dedicated to mankind, but also the historical essence that we must earnestly pursue and carry forward today.
Do the slope ditch
Leakage of the house, water is the root of the root, water is stored on the roof, and the groundwater is trapped, which will inevitably lead to leakage. As soon as possible, the leakage rate will be reduced by 80%. So create a sloping roof and increase the slope to facilitate drainage. The slope on both sides of the ridge is more than 60°, and the slope at the crotch is less than 30°. The steep slope is used to make the water rush down, and then the inertia is used to rush out of the raft. The design of the underground building also pays attention to the drainage. The underground palace has a blind communication to the lower gully in the distance, and it does not accumulate water to trap the underground palace. It is only moisture-proof.
The thatched roof of the porcelain copper iron tin tile waterproof stone can not prevent leakage, and can not be small slope and large span, we must create new waterproof materials. The birth of the tile made a huge change in the roof, and the building entered a new era. However, the early water absorption rate of the tile was high and the dampness was severe, so the research on the tile quality was strengthened. It is as dense as a stone, tapping like a scorpion, and the water absorption rate is reduced to 3%, which is superior to modern porcelain. At the same time, the glaze on the tile is sintered into a glass that is completely non-absorbent. Copper tiles and iron tiles have also been developed. Made of roof tiles for waterproofing, only in Europe in the 17th century. The tile is structurally waterproof, and the tile overlap is seamed. There is always a place where the overlap is improper, and the rainwater is easily infiltrated. To this end, the creation of a fully enclosed coil - lead tin back, if the asphalt linoleum was born in the late 18th century, China had a metal coil 500 years ago. The advent of fully enclosed coils provides the conditions for waterproofing the material into the material, revolutionizing the waterproofing technology, and also extending the flat roof.
Multi-channel fortification
The small tiles are spliced ​​up and down and left and right. If the drip does not leak, it is very difficult to infiltrate for a hundred years. It is not enough to rely on one layer of waterproofing. It is necessary to have multiple lines of defense. Adding a gray-gray back under the tile, similar to the current cement mortar, the gray back is covered with gray back, the gray back is about 10 cm thick, mixed with fine lime and fine clay, mixed with water, and made like a concrete rigid waterproof layer. . Now our waterproof principle is rigid and soft, and multi-channel defense is also very similar.
The waterproofing of the wooden column is not a lacquer, but a 7-layer method. To achieve the moisture in the column, it must be immersed in rain.
Local selection according to local conditions
China has a vast territory, different climates in the north and south, and large differences in the amount of rainfall. In the rain-stricken areas, the houses are made of clay domes with a slope of only two or three degrees. In the grassland area, the herdsmen do not settle down, and the movable houses that are easy to relocate are built—felt or felt sheets, and the use of cattle and sheep felt as roofing materials is not good for insulation integration. In the rainy areas of the south, the roof is waterproofed with small blue tiles, and the upper and lower pressures are about 3/4, forming a thick layer of tiles, which has the function of heat insulation in summer. According to local conditions, local selection is the experience of waterproofing ancient buildings.
Material selection and demanding quality
In ancient times, the quality of construction was very strict, so that it was so harsh. If the gray back is made, the lime paste is evenly mixed with the fine clay, and the white eye is not visible to the naked eye. After flattening the tapping, the compactness can reach the water. For the royal construction, a little unqualified was killed. For the detection of tiles, first tap and listen, check one by one, and then test the water to observe the water absorption. Paving tiles not only put the line, but also the number of blocks per length is strictly controlled. It is precisely the quality of construction that is strictly controlled, and the roof after completion is not leaked for hundreds of years. It is a miracle that the Tang, Song and Liao buildings have not been renovated for thousands of years.
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